Varieties of English: An Introduction to The Study of Language. (Reference 1) 1. Variety, change, and the idea of correct English Good English – A Letter to the Editor – An Acceptability Test – This is the six o’clock news – belt up! – Is there a language trap? 2. Dialects and Standard English – the past How the English language was brought to Britain – Britain before the English came – The Vikings – The Norman Conquest – The establishment of Standard English- How to analyse an historical text- Old English – Middle English – Early Modern English and Modern English 3. Dialects and Standard English -the present Standard English – a dialect – Present-day dialectal forms – Creole English – The Mango Tree – The Red Bird – Coming to England – Pidgin English 4. Regional accents and Received Pronunciation The difference between accent and dialect – Accent – Boundaries of regional variation – A framework for accent study – How to make a phonetic transcription – Practical exercises in broad phonetic transcription – A practical exercise in describing a regional accent – Social evaluation of accents – Accents and social variables. An Introduction to International Varieties of English (Reference 2) 1. Background notions Accent, dialect, language and variety – Home and colony – Colonial lag – Dialect mixing 2. English becomes a world language The spread of English – Models of English – English in Scotland and Ireland 3. Vocabulary: Borrowing – Coining – The results 4. Grammar: Morphology – Syntax – Discussion 5. Spelling: Lexical distributional differences – Variation in the system – Conclusion 6. Pronunciation Describing varieties of English – Input varieties – Influences from contact languages – Influences from other colonies – Influences from later immigrants -Influences from world English – Differences between varieties 7. The revenge of the colonised – Vocabulary – Grammar – Pronunciation – Conclusion – 8. Becoming independent British Englishes – North American Englishes – The break-up of English? 9. Standards in the colonies Moving away from the standard in vocabulary – Moving away from the standard in grammar – Moving away from the standard in pronunciation,